Animal litter, process for preparing animal litter, and method of removal of animal waste

ABSTRACT

An animal litter that includes seed meal is disclosed. In accordance with the invention, the animal litter comprises discrete plural particles of a seed meal, which particles tend to agglomerate into clumps when wetted. The litter of the invention absorbs liquids such as animal excretions, and substantially reduces the odor thereof. Preferably, the litter further includes a grain germ, such as corn germ.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.09/725,982, filed Nov. 29, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,405,677 which was acontinuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/517,244,filed Mar. 2, 2000, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,216,634, which was acontinuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/352,445 filed Jul.13, 1999, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,098,569, which in turn was a continuationof International Application No. PCT/US98/25262, filed Nov. 25, 1998,which designates the United States. This application also claimspriority to prior Provisional Application No. 60/069,387, filed Dec. 12,1997. All prior applications are hereby incorporated by reference intheir entireties

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a grain-based animal litter, and moreparticularly relates to an animal litter comprising discrete pluralparticles which tend to agglomerate upon wetting. The invention furtherrelates to a process for preparing the animal litter, and to relatedproducts and processes.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Clumping animal litters are those litters which are initially providedin the form of discrete plural particles, which particles tend toagglomerate into solid masses or clumps when wetted by a liquid such asanimal urine. A number of such clumping litters have been provided inthe prior art. One advantage of such clumping litters is that the solidclumps formed upon wetting of the litter can be separately removed asdiscrete entities from the remaining litter and can be discarded by theanimal owner, leaving behind a quantity of relatively uncontaminatedlitter. Animal owners, and in particular owners of animals such as housecats, often find the clumping property of such litters to be convenientfor periodic cleaning of the animal litterbox. Some known animal littershave good ammonia-masking properties. Because ammonia is a breakdownproduct of the urea found in animal urine, the ability of an animallitter to mask the odor of ammonia is a desired property.

Many clumping animal litters are made from clays and other mineralsubstrates. Such litters typically include particles of a mineralsubstrate, which substrate functions as an absorbent and/or odorreducer. The particles may be coated with a liquid-activated adhesivematerial, such as gelatinized starch, on the surfaces of the particles.When wetted, the adhesive material is activated and causes the discretelitter particles to agglomerate into clumps.

Although clay-based litters may be functional as clumping animallitters, such litters suffer from certain drawbacks. For example, onedisadvantage of clay litters is the high density of the clay componentof the litter. Because of this high density, a heavy mass of litter mustbe used for a given volume of urine. The resulting clumps of spentlitter are somewhat heavy, and thus can fracture in the absence ofstrong interparticle adhesion. Another disadvantage of clay litters isthat, because the clay is not biodegradable, the litter cannot beflushed into some sewerage systems after use. This may be inconvenientfor certain animal owners.

In recognition of these drawbacks, the prior art also has providedanimal litters made from biodegradable materials, such as seed hulls orother grain-based materials. Such litters are often suitable fordisposal by flushing into sewerage systems. In recognition of theadvantages inherent in clumping animal litters, the prior art hasprovided biodegradable litters that exhibit a clumping property. Liketypical clumping clay litters, such litters often comprise discreteparticles of a liquid-absorbent substrate having a liquid-activatedadhesive coated thereon.

Conventional grain-based litters also suffer from a number of drawbacks.For example, spent clumps of such grain-based litters typically are lessdurable than clumps of clay-based litters. Moreover, conventionalgrain-based litters also often have a strong odor, which some peoplefind objectionable, and which further may entice animals such as dogs toeat the litter. Moreover, while grain-based clumping litters mayinitially form cohesive clumps, the long-term cohesiveness of the formedclumps may be poor. Thus, while a solid clump may be formed and remainsolid for a short period of time, the clump may tend to disintegratewith time or on handling, making it difficult to separate the spentclumped litter from the litterbox.

Another problem with both clay-based and grain-based clumping littersrelates to clumping efficiency, or the amount of litter required to forma clump. Large amounts of conventional litters are required to form aclump, and thus conventional clumping litters are used up quickly. Theanimal owner thus is forced to replenish the supply of litterfrequently.

In light of the drawbacks inherent in known clay-based and grain-basedanimal litters, there exists a need in the art for a more satisfactorybiodegradable clumpable cat litter. Ideally, the litter should be madefrom a renewable, biodegradable resource, such as a grain-basedsubstrate. The litter should not be edibly attractive to animals, shouldhave a low odor, and should have excellent ammonia masking properties.The litter also should possess acceptable clumping properties, both withrespect to initial and long-term cohesiveness of the clumps. It is ageneral object of the present invention to provide an animal litter thatovercomes the drawbacks inherent in known clumping animal litters.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It has now been found that seed meal, alone or in combination withground germ or another grain-based substrate, is particularly suitablefor use as a clumping animal litter. The present invention is premisedon this surprising discovery.

In accordance with one embodiment of the invention, an animal litter isprovided. The animal litter comprises discrete plural particles of graingerm and ground seed meal in admixture, the particles tending toagglomerate when wetted. In a preferred embodiment, the litter includesa cohesiveness agent in an amount sufficient to enhance the cohesivenessof the granules. In another embodiment, the invention includes seed mealand a cohesiveness agent. In yet another embodiment, a seed meal is usedas animal litter, alone or in combination with other ingredients. Mostpreferably, the animal litter comprises discrete plural granules ofwashed grain germ that is spent of oil, seed meal, and a cohesivenessagent in an amount sufficient to enhance the cohesiveness of thegranules. The invention further encompasses methods for preparing ananimal litter and methods for removing animal waste.

When a litter is made in accordance with the invention, the litter willexhibit an excellent clumping function, such that the granules of litterwill agglomerate upon wetting. The clump or clumps formed uponagglomeration of the animal litter will be cohesive, and will remaincohesive for many hours to allow for later removal. Moreover, the litterwill be substantially odorless, and will not be edibly attractive toanimals such as dogs. The litter will have excellent ammonia-maskingproperties, and will have a high clumping efficiency.

Other features and embodiments of the invention are disclosed in thefollowing description of the invention and appended claims.

DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The invention provides a clumping animal litter which agglomerates whenwetted by a liquid, such as, for example, liquid animal excretions orliquid that is present in solid or semisolid animal excretions. Inaccordance with the invention, the litter is provided in the form ofdiscrete plural particles of litter, at least a portion of whichparticles will agglomerate into at least one clump when wetted. By“agglomerate” is meant formation of a relatively cohesive interparticleconsolidation of at least two particles. By “clump” is meant arelatively cohesive consolidated mass, or agglomeration, of two or moreparticles. It is contemplated that the clumps of animal litter formed inaccordance with the invention will comprise an agglomeration of at leasttwo particles, preferably at least about 200 particles, and morepreferably at least about 2,000 particles, depending upon the volume ofliquid applied.

Generally, the litter of the invention includes a seed meal. Examples ofsuch meals include linseed meal, soy bean meal, sunflower meal, cottonseed meal, rapeseed meal, peanut meal, safflower seed meal, andcombinations thereof. By “seed” is meant to include that part of a plantwhich is capable of forming a new plant upon germination, e.g., wholegrains of wheat, including the fruit or fruit-like structure housing theseed. The seed meal comprises spent ground seed, which is seed residuefrom which oil has been expelled, such as by solvent extraction orexpeller extraction. The extracted residue then is ground, by which iscontemplated the reduction of the residue to smaller particles,preferably to a semi-course to fine powder. It is contemplated that someseeds will include a hull that may (but need not) be removed prior toexpelling oil and grinding. Thus, the meal may comprise a dehulled meal.

The seed meal alone may be used as an animal litter in accordance withthe invention. Preferably, however, the litter further includes a graingerm or another grain-based substrate, which substrate may comprise orbe derived from any suitable grain. While grains such as wheat, corn,soy, sorghum, alfalfa, and barley, suitable for use in conjunction withthe invention, the grain-based substrate preferably is a corn-basedsubstrate. Most preferably, the grain-based substrate is a grain germ,and even more preferably the substrate is corn germ that is obtained ina wet or dry milling process. The grain germ preferably comprises spentgerm, which is grain germ from which oil has been expelled, such as bypressing or hexane or other solvent extraction. Most preferably, thegrain germ is expeller extracted, that is, the oil has been removed bypressing. Most preferably, the spent germ is substantially free of odorcomponents.

Surprisingly, it has been found that washing of the germ and seed meal,and the germ or other grain-based substrate prior to the incorporationof these ingredients in an animal litter will substantially remove odorcomponents from the substrate. More surprisingly, it has been found thatby so removing the odor components, washing will render the litter moreacceptable to cat owners and substantially edibly unattractive toanimals such as dogs. It is further believed that washing will reducethe level of flavor components in the grain-based substrate.

The litter of the invention is in the form of discrete plural particles.Preferably, the litter includes discrete plural particles of grain germand seed meal in admixture, generally an intimate blend of the germ orother substrate and the seed meal and any other ingredients. Inaccordance with a preferred embodiment of the invention, the particlesare in the form of compressed or compacted particles, i.e., in the formof granules. By “granules” is meant particles that are compressed orcompacted, such as by a pelletizing, extrusion, or similar compactingstep. Such compression or compacting of the particles is preferred,inasmuch as the intraparticle cohesion of the particles will be enhancedby such compacting or compressing step. In the preferred embodiment ofthe invention, the granules are prepared by pelletizing the grain-basedsubstrate in a pellet mill. The pellets prepared thereby are ground orcrumbled to a granule size suitable for use as an animal litter.Preferably, the animal litter is in the form of granules having agranule size ranging from about 4 to about 400 mesh (USS); morepreferably, about 8 to about 80 mesh; and most preferably about 14 toabout 20 mesh. If the seed meal and grain based substrate are spent viasolvent extraction, use of a lubricity agent such as corn oil may benecessary in the pelletizer, but such a lubricity agent ordinarily isnot necessary if the ingredients are expeller extracted. In otherembodiments of the invention, the litter is prepared by other compactingor compressing processes such as, for example, by extrusion of thegrain-based substrate through a die and grinding of the extrudate to asuitable granule size.

The granules of grain-based substrate may be sufficiently cohesive foruse as an animal litter. Preferably, however, the granules include acohesiveness agent to enhance the cohesiveness of the animal littergranules. In accordance with the invention, the cohesiveness agent isbelieved to provide additional hydroxyl groups, which enhance thebonding between grain proteins within the litter granule. It is furtherbelieved that the additional hydroxyl groups so function by enhancingthe hydrogen bonding of proteins to starch and to other proteins. Thecohesiveness agent may be present in any amount suitable to enhance thecohesiveness of the granules of animal litter.

In accordance with the invention, the cohesiveness agent preferably is apolysaccharide. Any suitable polysaccharide may be used in conjunctionwith the invention and thus, for example, the cohesiveness agent maycomprise one or more polysaccharides such as dextrins, maltodextrins,starches, flours, cellulosics, hemicellulosics, and the like.Preferably, the cohesiveness agent comprises a starch, and mostpreferably, the cohesiveness agent comprises a corn starch.

Prior art litters employ modified, pre-gelatinized starches to effectadhesion between particles of litter, i.e., interparticle adhesion. Thestarch used in conjunction with the present invention is not usedspecifically for this purpose, but rather is employed to effectintraparticle cohesion. The clumping interparticle agglomeration of theanimal litter of the invention is believed to result primarily as aresult of the interaction of proteins or other components present byvirtue of the seed meal and/or the grain-based substrate, and is notbelieved to result from adhesion forces generated through the use ofstarch. Surprisingly, it has been found that non-gelatinized, unmodifiedstarches are especially suitable for use as cohesiveness agents inconjunction with the invention. When unmodified starches are employed,it is believed that such starches may contribute to a small extent tointerparticle adhesion in the clumped litter.

The cohesiveness agent of the invention preferably further includes asupplemental cohesiveness agent. In accordance with the invention, thesupplemental cohesiveness agent is an ionic species that is believed toenhance protein—protein and/or protein-starch interactions. Any suitableionic salt may be used in conjunction with the invention. For example,in accordance with preferred embodiments of the invention, thesupplemental cohesiveness agent is selected from among the alkali andalkaline-earth salts of common anions, such as the halide, nitrate,nitrite, carbonate, phosphate, sulfate, and bicarbonate salts, and thelike. More preferably, the supplemental cohesiveness agent is selectedfrom the group consisting of sodium chloride, calcium chloride, sodiumcarbonate, calcium carbonate, sodium bicarbonate and mixtures thereof.Even more preferably, the supplemental cohesiveness agent is selectedfrom among sodium chloride, calcium carbonate, and mixtures thereof.Most preferably, the supplemental cohesiveness agent is sodium chloride.The supplemental cohesiveness agent may be present in any amountsufficient to assist the cohesiveness agent in enhancing the cohesion ofthe animal litter granules.

The animal litter of the invention may comprise the ground seed alone,or in conjunction with other ingredients. The seed meal is preferablypresent in am amount of at least about 30% by weight, and morepreferably at least about 40% by weight, with a highly preferred rangebeing from about 40% to about 50% by weight when the litter includes agrain-based substrate such as corn germ. In these embodiments the graingerm or other grain-based substrate is present in an amount of at leastabout 25% by weight (dry basis), more preferably at least about 30% byweight, with a preferred range being from about 40% to about 50%, withthe proviso that the total amount of germ or other substrate and seedmeal preferably is in the range of about 75% to about 95% of the totalweight. When the litter includes primarily seed meal and cohesivenessagent, the ground seed preferably is present in an amount of at leastabout 55% by weight, more preferably at least about 70% by weight, witha highly preferred range being from about 75% to about 95% by weight.

The remaining dry components of the animal litter preferably include thecohesiveness agent, and, when used, a supplemental cohesiveness agent.The cohesiveness agent may be present in a dry basis amount ranging upto about 45% by weight of the animal litter; preferably, an amountranging from about 3% to about 35% by weight; more preferably, an amountranging from about 5% to about 25% by weight and most preferably,inclusive of the supplemental cohesiveness agent. The supplementalcohesiveness agent, when used, is preferably present in an amount of atleast about 0.05% be weight, exclusive of the polysaccharidecohesiveness agent. More preferably, the supplemental cohesiveness agentis present in an amount ranging from about 0.05% to about 10% by weight;more preferably, about 0.1% to about 8% by weight; and most preferably,about 1.5% to about 4% by weight. In a preferred embodiment, thesupplemental cohesiveness agent is present in an amount of about 2% byweight of litter.

The animal litter preferably consists essentially of seed meal, and, insome embodiments, of seed meal, a grain-based substrate such as a graingerm, and a cohesiveness agent with a supplemental cohesiveness agent.Because such animal litters are made from biodegradable materials, thelitter is subject to spoilage, such as by molding. To prevent or inhibitsuch molding, the litter may include a mold inhibitor, which may bepresent in any amount sufficient to inhibit the molding of the animallitter. Any suitable mold inhibitor may be employed in conjunction withthe invention. The mold inhibitor preferably is selected from among thepropionate salts, and most preferably is selected from the groupconsisting of sodium propionate and calcium propionate. When a moldinhibitor is employed, it preferably is present in an amount rangingfrom about 0.02% to about 3.5% by weight.

To maintain the cohesiveness and sorption capacity of the animal litter,the litter preferably has a moisture content sufficiently high toprevent the granules of animal litter from becoming friable andsufficiently low to allow additional moisture to be absorbed.Preferably, the moisture content is less than about 30%. Morepreferably, the moisture content ranges from about 5% to about 25%; evenmore preferably, the moisture content ranges from about 10% to about20%; even more preferably, the moisture content ranges from about 12% toabout 16%, and most preferably the moisture content is about 14.5%. Itis contemplated that some of the moisture in the animal litter will bepresent originally in the grain-based substrate and/or cohesivenessagent.

In accordance with the invention, the animal litter will be effective insuppressing odors of animal waste. Animal urine contains urea, acompound which breaks down in animal litterboxes to form ammonia. Theammonia odor of animal litterboxes is often considered to beobjectionable. Animal litters made in accordance with the preferredembodiments of the invention will be effective in masking ammonia odors,and a litterbox containing such litter will remain free from ammoniaodors even after up to about 30 hours after an animal has excreted wasteinto the litter.

The litter of the invention preferably has a density sufficient to allowinterparticle binding, yet that will minimize the weight of litter in alitterbox. In accordance with the invention, the litter preferably has adensity ranging from about 15 to about 45 lbs./cu.ft. More preferably,the density of the cat litter of the invention ranges from about 25 toabout 40 lbs./cu.ft.; and even more preferably, the density is in therange of from about 30 to about 35 lbs./cu.ft. Density preferably isevaluated after loosely filling a container and measuring the weight ofa specific volume of the litter.

Because the animal litter of the invention is to be used to absorbanimal waste, the litter should have a sorption capacity sufficient toallow the animal litter to so function. The sorption capacity of thepreferred litters of the invention typically is at least about 0.04 mlwater per gram of litter, and more typically ranges from about 0.04 toabout 2.4 ml/g; more typically, the sorption capacity is from about 1.0to about 1.4 ml/g. The sorption capacity is determined per gram ofanimal litter, and is based on the sorption of deionized water, asdescribed in more detail in U.S. Pat. No. 6,098,569. Preferred sorptioncapacity ranges are believed to approximate that of animal urine.

Other properties may be desired of an animal litter. For example, tominimize inconvenience and mess associated with packaging, transporting,and using the litter, the litter preferably generates a minimal amountof dust. The preferred litters of the present invention do not generatesubstantial dust. Another preferred property is clumping efficiency.Clumping efficiency is the amount of litter required to form a clumpwith a given volume of liquid, with lower amounts of required littercorresponding to higher clumping efficiencies. Preferably, to absorb 150ml animal urine, less than about 120 g of litter is required; morepreferably, less than about 110 g is required.

Other desired properties include biodegradability and tendency to remainclumped. Biodegradability is particularly desired when the animal ownerwishes to dispose of clumps of litter by flushing them into the toilet.The litter of the invention is believed to be at least as biodegradableas hull-based materials, and thus the litter of the invention may bedisposed of by flushing, even into a septic system. Tendency to remainclumped refers to the stability of the clump of clumped cat litter. Aclumping litter should remain clumped for at least 48 hours after theclump has formed. The litters of the invention have an excellenttendency to remain clumped.

The invention is also directed towards a process for preparing an animallitter. In accordance with the invention, the process comprises the stepof providing discrete plural particles of a seed meal in a particle sizesuitable for use as an animal litter, as previously described.Preferably, the process includes a step of compacting or compressing theparticles of animal litter into granules, which most preferably isaccomplished in a pelletizing step. The mold inhibitor and cohesivenessagent, when used, can be added at any suitable time, and preferably aremixed with the seed meal in the desired proportions prior topelletizing. Moisture content in the pellet mill feed preferably is inthe ranges set forth above with respect to the moisture content in thefinished product, and preferably is about 14-14.5%. Preferably, moistureis added to the feedstock in the form of liquid water to bring thefeedstock to this moisture content. The temperature in the pellet millpreferably is brought to about 82° C. with steam. The pellet mill may beoperated under any conditions that impart sufficient work to thefeedstock to provide pellets. In one preferred embodiment, the pelletmill is operated with a ⅛ in.×2 in. die at 100 lb./min. pressure at 82°C. to provide pellets, which then are crumbled in a pellet mill crumblerto provide discrete plural particles having a particle size capable ofpassing through an 8 mesh screen but being retained on a 20 mesh screen.

The process of the invention preferably further includes a step ofwashing the seed meal and, when used, the germ or other grain-basedsubstrate to substantially remove odor components therefrom. Anysuitable washing step can be employed in conjunction with the invention.For example, in accordance with preferred embodiments of the invention,the washing is countercurrent washing. Any suitable washing solvent,such as an aqueous solvent, may be employed in conjunction with theinvention. Preferably, the washing solvent is selected from amongmethanol, ethanol, hydrogen peroxide, water, and mixtures thereof; mostpreferably, the washing solvent is water.

Also encompassed by the invention is a method for the removal of animalwaste. In accordance with the invention, the method comprises the stepsof providing a container including the animal litter, allowing theanimal to excrete waste into the container, whereby the litteragglomerates into at least one clump, and removing the clump and anysolid waste leaving behind substantially unspoiled litter. By“container” is meant any enclosed or partially enclosed area, such as alitterbox, a cage, a stall, a pen (such as a poultry cage), or the like.The method is contemplated to be useful for any animals, such as cats,dogs, mice, birds (especially poultry birds such as turkeys andchickens), gerbils, and other animals, and finds particularapplicability in connection with removal of waste from house cats and ofpoultry waste.

The following examples demonstrate various embodiments of the invention,but should not be construed as limiting the invention in scope.

EXAMPLE 1 Animal Litter

Animal litters were prepared by dry blending the dry ingredients listedin the table below and by extruding the blend through a ⅛ inch×1¾ inchdie. The litters were tested for dry product odor and clump weight andshape. Clump weight and shape were determined by insulting the litterwith 30 mL water/2 min. delivered from a burette, and subsequentlymeasuring the clump weight and visually evaluating appearance of theclump.

In this table, “B700” is a starch sold by Grain Processing Corporationof Muscatine, Iowa. The various seed meals were obtained commercially.

Animal litter of Example 2 of U.S. Formulary and Pat. No. Test ResultsLitter A Litter B Litter C 6,098,569 Linseed Meal 78.0% Soy Bean Meal78.0% Sunflower Meal 78.0% Expelled Spent 78.0% Corn Germ B700 Starch20.0% 20.0% 20.0% 20.0% Salt (NaCl)  2.0%  2.0%  2.0%  2.0% Dry ProductIntermediate Least Intermediate Highest Odor Clump Wt. per 53.8 g 80.5 g73.4 g 48.9 g 30 mL Clump Shape Conical Conical Conical Hemispherical

Each of the foregoing litters provided excellent properties, includinggood moisture absorption and clumping properties.

EXAMPLE 2 Animal Litter

Animal litters were prepared and evaluated in accordance with Example 1,except that the litter was formulated with seed meal and corn germ.

Animal litter of Example 2 of U.S. Formulary and Pat. No. Test ResultsLitter D Litter E Litter F Litter G 6,098,569 Linseed Meal 44.0% SoyBean Meal 44.0% Sunflower Meal 44.0% Cotton Seed 44.0% Meal Solvent44.0% 44.0% 44.0% 44.0% Extracted Spent Corn Germ Expelled Spent 78.0%Corn Germ B700 Starch 10.0% 10.0% 10.0% 10.0% 20.0% Salt (NaCl)  2.0% 2.0%  2.0%  2.0%  2.0% Dry Product Intermediate Intermediate HighestLeast Intermediate Odor Clump Wt. per 57.1 g 59.0 g 66.4 g 63.3 g 48.9 g30 mL Clump Shape Conical Conical Conical Cylindrical Hemispherical

The foregoing litters provided excellent clumping properties.

Thus, it is seen that the present invention has overcome the drawbacksof the prior art. The invention provides a clumpable animal litter inthe form of discrete plural particles that agglomerate upon wetting toform a clump. The clumpable litter is biodegradable and, in accordancewith preferred embodiments of the invention, has a low odor, a highammonia masking property, and a high clumping efficiency. Moreover, theclumping properties of the animal litter are at least comparable tothose of known litters, and the litter is biodegradable. Spent litterthus may be disposed of by flushing. The litter of the invention remainsclumped for at least about 48 hours.

While particular embodiments of the invention have been shown, it willof course be understood that the invention is not limited thereto sincemodifications may be made by those skilled in the art, particularly inlight of the foregoing teachings. For example, it is contemplated that,in lieu of the seed meals, grain-based substrates, and cohesivenessagents disclosed herein, equivalent components may be substitutedtherefor in an animal litter or associated process. It is, therefore,contemplated by the appended claims to cover any such modifications asincorporate those features which constitute the essential features ofthese improvements within the true spirit and scope of the invention.

What is claimed is:
 1. An animal litter in the form of discrete pluralgranules, each of said granules comprising crumbled pellets of apelletized material, each of said granules comprising at least about 50%by weight of a grain-based substrate and further comprising acohesiveness agent in an amount effective to enhance the cohesiveness ofsaid granules, said cohesiveness agent including a starch, said granulestending to agglomerate when wetted, and said grain-based substrateincluding grain germ.
 2. An animal litter according to claim 1, saidgrain-based substrate further including seed meal.
 3. An animal litteraccording to claim 1, said litter having a density of from about 25 toabout 40-lbs./cu. ft.
 4. An animal litter according to claim 1, saidlitter having a sorption capacity of at least about 1.0 ml/g.
 5. Ananimal litter according to claim 1, said litter having a sorptioncapacity of from 1.0 to about 1.4 ml/g.
 6. An animal litter according toclaim 1, wherein less than about 110 g of lifter is required to absorb150 ml of animal urine.
 7. A method for removal of animal waste,comprising: (a) providing a container including an animal litter, saidanimal litter being in the form of discrete plural granules, each ofsaid granules comprising crumbled pellets of a pelletized material, eachof said granules comprising at least about 50% by weight of agrain-based substrate and further comprising a cohesiveness agent in anamount effective to enhance the cohesiveness of said granules, saidcohesiveness agent including a starch, said granules tending toagglomerate when wetted, and said grain-based substrate including graingerm; (b) allowing an animal to excrete waste into said container,whereby liquid from said waste causes agglomeration of at least aportion of said litter into at least one clump; and (c) removing atleast one clump of agglomerated litter from said container.
 8. An animallitter according to claim 7, said grain-based substrate furtherincluding seed meal.
 9. A method according to claim 7, said litterhaving a density of from about 25 to about 40 lbs./cu. ft.
 10. A methodaccording to claim 7, said litter having sorption capacity of at leastabout 1.0 ml/g.
 11. A method according to claim 7, said litter havingsorption capacity of 1.0 to about 1.4 ml/g.